Agreement Between ChatGPT-5 and Anesthesiologists in Predicting Postoperative ICU Requirement

Postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission is a critical component of perioperative patient management, particularly in patients with increased surgical or anesthetic risk. Accurate preoperative identification of patients who will require postoperative ICU care may improve patient safety and optimize resource allocation. This study is designed as a prospective, non-interventional observational cohort study conducted in adult patients undergoing elective surgical procedures. Routinely collected preoperative clinical data, including demographic characteristics, comorbidities, laboratory results, and anesthesiologists' assessments, are recorded for each participant. For each patient, postoperative ICU requirement predictions generated by ChatGPT-5 using structured preoperative data are documented. These predictions are compared with anesthesiologists' preoperative ICU admission assessments and with actual postoperative ICU admission outcomes. No additional diagnostic or therapeutic interventions are performed as part of the study. Patient care follows standard institutional practice at all times. All collected data are anonymized prior to analysis. Statistical analyses focus on agreement and predictive performance measures, including sensitivity, specificity, and concordance between prediction methods and actual outcomes.