Ephedrine Doses to Prevent Maternal Hypotension After Spinal Anesthesia in Cesarean Section

Exclusion Criteria

• •Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 40 kg/m²
• •Height less than 145 cm
• •Presence of severe neurological or psychiatric conditions
• •History of pre-eclampsia
• •Severe renal or metabolic disorders
• •Contraindications to spinal anesthesia
• •Antenatal evidence of fetal anomalies
• •Cases with severely compromised fetuses requiring immediate general anesthesia
• •Baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) less than 90 mm Hg
• •Pregnancy-induced hypertension
• •Refusal to provide written consent