Structure and Function of the Upper Trapezius and Its Role in Chronic Shoulder Pain: an Investigation of Kinematics, Morphology, Muscle Quality and Activation Distribution

Exclusion Criteria

• •\- Chronic shoulder pain group
• •history of significant shoulder trauma, such as fracture or ultrasonography clinically suspected full thickness cuff tear
• •recent shoulder dislocation in the last 2 years
• •diagnosis of adhesive capsulitis characterized by a gradual and painful loss of both active and passive ROM in all shoulder planes, primarily external rotation
• •shoulder pain originating from the cervical spine by using Spurling's neck compression test
• •shoulder pain owing to the following disorders: arthritis (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis of shoulder complex), neurologic (e.g., stroke), neoplastic (e.g., breast cancer). and/or referred pain (e.g., visceral referred pain)
• •corticoid injections over the shoulder during 6 months prior to the study
• •history of shoulder and neck surgery