While retention in youth opioid treatment has generally been poor, assertive outreach has not been standard. There may be models from other populations with elements worth considering, such as Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) for severe and persistent mental illness or Assertive Continuing Care (ACC) for adolescents with cannabis use disorders. These are programs providing wrap-around services that include home-based services and medication administration visits, assertive outreach, intense case management, family engagement in order to address engagement barriers. ACC has considerable developmental validity, has been used widely and been scaled by SAMHSA in broad implementations for youth SUDs (other than OUD). ACT has become a broad standard of care for adults with chronic severe mental illness such as schizophrenia, who struggle with non-adherence and poor outcomes in conventional treatment. ACT also typically includes a medication home-delivery component. Most states have also developed standard public sector reimbursement models for ACT. But very little work has been done to adapt or adopt these models to the population of youth with opioid addiction.
Furthermore, limitations on adherence to XR-NTX under non-research conditions have been a barrier to optimal effectiveness. One study reported that among 62 adult patients completing inpatient detoxification who received an XR-NTX prior to discharge, 55% returned for a second injection and 16% received a third injection. In the LA County evaluation, only 17% of the 171 adults who received an XR-NTX injection received their third injection. The investigators' first case series of 16 youth receiving XR-NTX for opioid addiction, the average total number of outpatient doses received within 4 months of outpatient treatment was 1.5, corresponding to 38% of the potential 4 monthly doses, with 25% dropping out before receiving any outpatient doses. A naturalistic study published by the investigators, of young adult opioid treatment with either buprenorphine or XR-NTX and high intensity psychosocial treatment support included 13 cases treated with XR-NTX. This cohort had 40% retention at 6 months, no difference between the buprenorphine and XR-NTX groups, with an average number of 3.1 outpatient doses received within 6 months, corresponding to 52% of the potential 6 monthly doses. And while 54% received a 3rd outpatient dose, this was a low-volume program that selected highly motivated patients willing to accept the requirements and burdens of frequent attendance and intensive structure, and included only those who had initiated outpatient treatment following inpatient treatment.
To address these gaps discussed above, the investigators propose N=45 (\~5 pilot intervention cases prior to randomization; see protocol) participants with OUD to be randomized to treatment as usual (TAU) or YORs intervention, which incorporates XR-NTX into a developmentally informed, multi-component model of care - Youth Opioid Recovery Support (YORS; see protocol for additional detail on the intervention).
