Binding of TLRs to epitopes on microorganisms stimulates intracellular signaling, increasing transcription of proinflammatory molecules such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β, as well as antiinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-10. Macrophage dysfunction, as a component of immune suppression seen during trauma and sepsis, appears to be one of the contributing factors to morbidity and mortality. Critically ill patients demonstrating prolonged, severe reductions in monocyte HLA-DR expression or ex vivo tumor necrosis factor alpha production are at high risk for nosocomial infection and death. Most septic patients have decreasing cytokine levels at the time of treatment, suggesting a transition from a hyperinflammatory to a hypo-inflammatory state. Immunoparalysis is a potentially reversible risk factor for development of nosocomial infection in multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Whole-blood ex vivo TNF alpha response is a promising marker for monitoring this condition. Investigators call it as "stimulated immune response". Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a recently described family of immune receptors involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is present in the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria and has been demonstrated to be responsible for the development of GNB-associated sepsis. Recognition of bacterial LPS by macrophages is a key component of host defense against infection by Gram-negative bacteria. A monocyte which encounters LPS should vigorously produce proinflammatory cytokines regardless of whether or not it has been exposed to LPS in the past. Sepsis induces suppression of macrophage function as determined by a reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokine production upon re-exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. Whether further ground can be gained by manipulating innate immunity is an important question waiting to be answered. Several strategies to enhance innate immunity have been tried in normal subjects, including using granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to increase the number and activation state of circulating neutrophils, and IFN-γ to enhance macrophage dependent immunity. Investigators will use this characteristic to assess patient's stimulated immune response. In addition, differences in the nature of the initiating agent causing sepsis and the lack of co-morbidities in the animal models probably contribute to some of the differences in animal studies and clinical trials in sepsis. Investigators need to address these important issues and work toward promoting immunologic homeostasis in the ICU. Here investigators performed a systematic study aimed at evaluating
1. The diagnostic accuracy of stimulated immune response for predicting mortality;
2. Whether trend change in stimulated immune response more useful for above prediction;
3. Whether stimulated immune response can predict patients at risk of evolving with severe organ dysfunctions (the presence or development of severe sepsis or progression of organ dysfunctions within a 72-hr time period from biomarker checked along with treatment)
