Background Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) has been shown to improve survival in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), admitted with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure (AHRF); and NIV is recommended as a treatment of AHRF due to COPD. COPD patients having survived AHRF have a poor prognosis; Chu et al. have shown one-year risks of readmission of 79.9%; of a new life-threatening event (death or repeat AHRF) of 63.3%; and of death of 49.1%.
Hypothetically, long-term NIV (LTNIV) can improve the prognosis for severe COPD. The majority of trials have focused on patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure due to stable COPD (i.e., patients with no exacerbations prior to LTNIV initiation); and their results have been conflicting. However, in 2014, Köhnlein et al. published the results of a large randomized controlled trial (RCT) of LTNIV for stable patients with an arterial CO2 tension (Pa,CO2) of 7 kPa or higher: The patients treated with LTNIV had a one-year mortality of 12% vs. 33% for the controls; and the patients treated with LTNIV scored higher in health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL).
Three RCTs have studied the effects of LTNIV for unstable COPD, i.e., where the participants were enrolled after an admission with NIV treatment of AHRF: Cheung et al. and found that the patients treated with LTNIV had a lower rate of repeat AHRF (38.5%/year vs. 60.2%/year, p = 0.039); and Funk et al. found that the LTNIV group had a longer mean time to clinical worsening (391 days vs. 162 days; p = 0.0018). However, the largest RCT by Struik et al., showed no differences between the LTNIV group and the controls.
Little is known of what predicts AHRF in severe COPD. However, based on the large ECLIPSE study on exacerbations of COPD, Hurst et al. and Müllerova et al. showed that previous exacerbations predict new exacerbations; and that previous admissions due to exacerbations of COPD predict new admissions and death.
We assume that previous admissions with AHRF due to COPD could predict new admissions with AHRF and need of NIV, as well as death.
We retrospectively analyzed 20 patients who were treated with LTNIV and followed at our pulmonary ward. The patients were offered LTNIV if they had been admitted for NIV treatment of AHRF at least twice. We found that the patients' number of AHRF episodes and admissions due to COPD decreased significantly. And only four of the patients (20%)-considerably less than the 49.1% showed by Chu et al.-died within one year after initiation. Furthermore, these highly selected patients tolerated LTNIV well.
Aim The aim of this RCT is to investigate whether LTNIV can reduce mortality or repeat AHRF in patients who have been admitted for NIV treatment of AHRF due to COPD; and, secondarily, whether LTNIV can reduce mortality per se and the number of repeat AHRF, readmissions, and exacerbations, and improve quality of life.
Methods/Design
Design The study is a multi-center randomized, controlled, open-label study. The participants are included during an admission with NIV treatment of AHRF due to COPD. If the patient gives consent (see below), he or she is randomized to either LTNIV or usual care. The acute NIV therapy is continued for as long the patient presents a hypercapnic acidosis or severe dyspnea without NIV; hereafter, NIV is ceased in the patients in the control group, whereas it is continued with the same settings in the LTNIV patients. When stable and when deemed appropriate by a physician, the patients are discharged.
The included patients will be given the possibility of contacting an acute hotline, operated by a nurse.
One week after discharge, all patients are visited by a nurse. The patients are followed in the outpatient departments with visits 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months after discharge.
A participant who is readmitted will not be re-randomized. If the participant is in the intervention group, LTNIV is resumed, if paused.
Consent When stabilized and able to have a small pause from NIV, the patient is presented to the study. If interested, the patient is formally informed of the study by one of the attending physicians. This is typically 2 days after admission, although individual. The information session is held with a physician who has devoted time for this and who is not disturbed. When informed, the consent form is signed by the patient and the informing physician. If the participant wants time for consideration, a new session will be planned one or two days later.
Intervention For the intervention group, the acute NIV treatment is continued as LTNIV with the pressures and settings which had reversed the respiratory failure and the hypercapnic acidosis. The participant is offered to initiate an average volume-assured pressure support, but this is not mandatory.
Before discharge, the participant and caregivers are trained in handling and cleaning the ventilator, tubes, masks, etc. The participant is told to use the ventilator for a minimum of six hours of daily, preferably during sleep.
At the home visits and outpatient consultations, LTNIV is optimized according to the participant's requests or complaints.
One month after discharge, LTNIV participants who have had only this one episode of AHRF and who do not feel a subjective improvement are offered to pause the LTNIV therapy, provided they have not had any of the following after discharge: exacerbation; need for antibiotics, increased oral corticosteroids, or inhaled medicine; hospitalization or visit to an emergency room or emergency physician due to COPD; fever of 38˚C or higher for at least one day; increased or purulent expectoration; or increasing dyspnea for at least one day.
If it is agreed to pause LTNIV, the participant is instructed to resume LTNIV at one or more of the above symptoms.
Randomization A total of 150 COPD patients will be included from the four wards. The participants are randomized to LTNIV or usual care in a 1:1 ratio, using a computer-generated block-randomization for each center. The participant is presented with a sealed envelope containing a piece of paper with either "A" (= LTNIV) or "B" (= usual care). The randomization list is stored at Gentofte Hospital in a sealed envelope. 50 sealed envelopes are prepared for each center.
Sample size / power calculation Chu et al. showed that the one-year risk of death COPD patients having survived an admission with NIV treatment of AHRF is 49.1%; We expect to be able to reduce this mortality to 25%.
We use these risks for the power calculation. We accept a 0.05 risk of type 1 error (α) and 0.2 of type 2 error (β). With a power of 0.8, the needed sample size is 122. With an expected dropout of 15%, we intend to include 150 participants, 75 in each arm.
Measurements Upon admission, we measure: arterial blood gases with Pa,CO2, Pa,O2, pH and StHCO3-, firstly to diagnose the AHRF and secondly, in order to titrate the NIV treatment; regular, venous blood samples, analyzing infectious parameters, red and white blood count, kidney- and liver parameters; electrocardiogram (ECG); and a chest x-ray.
These measurements are done as a standard at the acute admission and not as part of the protocol.
At discharge, we measure: lung function, i.e., FEV1, FVC and FIVC; peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2%); arterial blood gases with Pa,CO2, Pa,O2, pH and StHCO3-; height and weight; MRC Dyspnea score; CAT, SRI and ESS questionnaires; and we note status of medication and long-term oxygen treatment (LTOT), when relevant.
For the intervention group, we read ventilator's SIM card in regard to compliance, daily use, and apnea-hypopnea index (AHI).
At the home visit one week after discharge, we measure: lung function and SpO2%.
For the intervention group, we ensure that the ventilator, the mask and the hose are well-functioning; and that the patient is well informed and uses the ventilator correctly.
At the outpatient visits, we measure: lung function; SpO2%; arterial blood gases; weight; exhaled concentration of carbon mono-oxide; MRCD; CAT, SRI and ESS questionnaires; and we note status of medication, smoking, and LTOT, when relevant.
For the intervention group, we read ventilator's SIM card in regard to compliance, daily use, and AHI.
At each outpatient visit and at the end of the patient's study period, we collect data on mortality, hospital admissions, exacerbations treated by a general practitioner or an emergency physician, and emergency room visits.
Collecting of data All participants have an individual case report file (CRF) in which all data will be noted. The CRF contains nine sections; a front page with the basic information on the participant, i.e., the patient number, date of consent, allocation, ventilator settings (if relevant) etc.; and a section for each event in the study, i.e., admission, discharge, home visit, and the five outpatient visits including completion data in the fifth.
The CRF contains no personally identifiable information. The files are stored in a locked room to which only the investigators have access.
Data Processing The primary outcome is the difference one-year-mortality between the LTNIV group and the control group, analyzed as an Intention-To-Treat analysis. The mortality is calculated with Chi\^2, and survival time is calculated in a Cox proportional hazards regression, using Kaplan-Meier and log rank.
The differences between the study's two groups will be computed using Chi\^2-statistics for the dichotomous variables and t-tests for the continuous variables, assuming that data will follow a normal distribution. Differences in time to a given event are calculated in a Cox proportional hazards regression, using Kaplan-Meier survival statistics and log rank.
For all comparisons, p \< 0.05 is the level of significance. For the sample size calculation, we used SAS (Statistical Analysis System, version 9.4).
We will use the latest versions of SAS for the statistical analyses.
Publications Both positive and negative results will be published in national and international journals and at conferences, symposia, etc.
Ethics The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, the Data Protection Agency, and the Danish Health Authority. The trial is registered at clinicaltrials.org, registration number NCT01513655.
Biological material The only biological samples taken are general blood biochemistry and arterial blood gases. This is the standard for any admission and outpatient visit. The samples are handled by the Dept. of Clinical Biochemistry according to current guidelines; after analysis, the samples are destroyed. No biological material is stored.
Arterial blood gas samples measure approximately 1mL; venous blood samples measure approximately 10-15 mL.
