Cisplatin, Carboplatin, and Oxaliplatin Interactions With Plasma Proteins

Cisplatin, cis-\[Pt(NH3)2Cl2\], is a widely used antitumor agent for the treatment of testicular and ovarian cancers. Carboplatin is used extensively for small cell, non small cell lung cancer and ovarian cancer. Oxaliplatin has recently been approved in the US for treatment of colorectal cancer. All of these analogues are administered by intravenous injection, and within one day, 65-98% of the platinum in the blood plasma is bound to protein. Binding of cisplatin to proteins reduces urinary excretion of platinum, and causes deposition of platinum in tissues. Binding of cisplatin to proteins and enzymes is generally believed to be the cause of several severe side effects exhibited by these drugs, especially ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity. Despite numerous studies of platinum-protein binding in the last few decades, the roles of platinum-protein adducts in drug action, and in toxicity of these drugs are not known. Although cisplatin-protein adducts are widely believed to cause the drug's side effects, there are also claims that platinum-protein adducts are important for the drug's activity. Therefore, a better understanding of the molecular mechanism of platinum-protein interactions may have an impact on the optimization of strategies for platinum treatment. It is important to understand basic principles that govern formation and reactivity of platinum-protein adducts because these adducts may be important in defining the therapeutic profile of these drugs. In this quest, the first goal is to develop a reliable technique for these studies. To date, ultraviolet/visible (UV-Vis), fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies of cisplatin-protein interactions have provided only low-resolution information on the mechanism of the binding or on the nature of the adducts. The researchers propose to investigate the role of platinum-protein adducts in the mechanisms of the drug action and their contributions towards the toxicity of these drug. The short-term objective is to investigate platinum interaction with serum proteins using both nanoelectrospray mass spectrometry (nanoESI-MS) and a combination of size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC/ICP-MS). The long-term objective of this research is to develop biomarkers based on platinum-protein adducts for clinical monitoring. Initially, metallothionein and human hemoglobin were used as model proteins to develop nESI/MS and HPLC/ICP-MS techniques for studying cisplatin-protein interactions in vitro. The researchers have demonstrated that the combination of size exclusion HPLC/ICP-MS and nanoESI/MS provided new information on the adduct formation and potential reaction mechanism. The size exclusion HPLC with ICP-MS enables monitoring of cisplatin-protein binding under physiological conditions. Nanospray tandem MS offers information on formation of specific complexes and on characteristics of binding. This information is useful for a better understanding of drug toxicity and treatment resistance. The information on platinum-protein interactions allows us to evaluate the utility of both nanoESI/MS and size exclusion HPLC/ICP-MS techniques in providing mechanistic, kinetic and structural information on the binding of platinum to other proteins. The methodology will be further validated by studying the platinum-blood protein adducts in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapeutic treatments. The correlation between the levels of platinum-protein adducts and clinical outcomes will be studied. The successful completion of this research program should provide the researchers with a better understanding of mechanisms of the drug action and toxicity. This knowledge will be of great importance in clinical monitoring of cancer patients to assist doctors to improve cancer chemotherapy.