Clinical Outcomes in Patients Presenting With Acute Variceal Bleeding

Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, after patients enrollement, data will be collected retrospectively from electronic medical records and include: Baseline Characteristics: Age, sex Etiology of liver disease Child-Pugh score MELD score (if available) Clinical Data: Hemodynamic status at admission (SBP) Laboratory values (Hb, INR, PT, platelets, creatinine, Na, fibrinogen, seric albumin, CRP) Presence of ascites or encephalopathy Comorbidities Hepatocellular carcinoma Portal vein thrombosis Timing of endoscopy Type of endoscopic intervention (EVL, cyanoacrylate) Pharmacologic therapy (vasoactive agents, antibiotics) Blood transfusion requirements Statistical Analysis Plan Continuous variables will be expressed as mean ± SD or median (IQR), categorical variables as frequencies and percentages. Comparisons will be tested using ANOVA / Kruskal-Wallis for continuous variables, and Chi-square / Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Mortality rates will be calculated using, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and compared using Log-rank test. Multivariate Analysis Logistic regression will be performed for assessing predictors for rebleeding and mortality. Sample size calculation: all eligible patients meeting inclusion criteria during the study period will be included. No formal sample size calculation is required due to retrospective design. The estimated cohort sample is \~140 patients. Assuming a moderate effect size (Cohen's d = 0.5), a significance level (α) of 0.05, and a two-tailed test, a total sample size of 140 patients provides an estimated statistical power of approximately 80% to detect significant differences between groups.