Age

Any age

Sex

ALL

Healthy volunteers

Not accepted

1. Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), or invasive breast cancer with clinical stage T1-T3, N0-N1 and no distant metastasis;
2. Breast size ≤ cup C, without significant breast ptosis;
3. Patients with high aesthetic requirements who elect single-incision robotic or endoscopic-assisted nipple-sparing mastectomy;
4. Patients eligible for prophylactic mastectomy;
5. Patients understand the study protocol and sign the written informed consent form.

Impact of Robotic Versus Endoscopic Surgery on Nipple Nerve Function Following Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy for Breast Cancer