The study is designed to provide evidence for MCM versus UCM to improve a composite GDMT score, reduce major kidney and cardiovascular risks, reduce hospitalizations (and thereby healthcare costs), and improve QoL, for patients with T2D and high and very high KDIGO CKD risk. These Specific Aims address critical gaps including lack of patient access to subspecialists, PCC and patient inertia, and inadequate infrastructure to optimize nutrition. The MCM is designed to increase GDMT uptake across the health system, PCC, and patient domains. Outside the US, MCMs in patients with CKD and T2D have shown promise by reducing CKM risk factors, healthcare costs, subspecialty clinic visits, and hospitalizations. Given lack of patient access to subspecialists in the US,32 especially nephrologists, a specialist-dominant model for GDMT uptake and optimization may not be feasible in many health systems. Notably, PCCs are also in shortage by workforce capacity, and they have large patient panels, severe time constraints, and competing priorities. Therefore, maintaining vital PCC and patient relationships, while bringing a primary-care-based CKM pharmacist onboard with consulting subspecialists, is a way forward. HOLISTIC will answer a call for research on team-based primary care to alleviate physician shortages for under-served health needs such as T2D and CKD. This approach can also capitalize on successes pioneered by telehealth during the COVID-19 pandemic for complex chronic conditions by assisting PCCs through pharmacist led CMM. Finally, it allows a strategic re-purposing of existing resources (pharmacist clinicians) who can support PCCs and lead CMM and GDMT deployment in a risk-appropriate and timely fashion, to demonstrate value to this alternate model across optimal care delivery, clinical outcomes, cost savings/return on investment.
