Immediate Effects of External Trigeminal Nerve Stimulation on Motor Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease

Inclusion Criteria

• •1. Patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease diagnosed by two neurologists, according to the Chinese diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease formulated in 2020 by the Chinese Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Society based on the MDS Clinical Diagnostic Criteria for Parkinson's disease.
• •2. Hoehn and Yahr stage 1-5 in the medication ON state.
• •3. Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score \>24.
• •4. Stable antiparkinsonian medication for at least 1 month before the trial.
• •5. No history of orthopedic or musculoskeletal disorders, and no other conditions that may affect balance or gait, such as ophthalmologic disorders.
• •6. No history of epilepsy, intracranial tumors, or other neurological disorders; no severe psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia; and no long-term use of antipsychotic medications.
• •7. Age between 40 and 80 years.
• •8. Ability to cooperate with all assessments and eTNS treatment, and provision of written informed consent.