Individuals admitted to forensic psychiatric care in Italy or California.
Presence of a diagnosed mental disorder according to DSM-5 / ICD criteria.
Presence of a current or lifetime Substance Use Disorder, consistent with a dual-diagnosis condition.
Placement in one of the study settings:
Italy: REMS or other forensic/community facilities under custodial or non-custodial security measures; California: Department of State Hospitals forensic facilities.
Ability to provide written informed consent, or consent provided through a legal guardian when applicable.
Availability for longitudinal follow-up at 12, 24, and 36 months.
You may not be if
Absence of a confirmed psychiatric disorder.
Absence of current or lifetime Substance Use Disorder.
Non-forensic psychiatric patients without criminal justice involvement.
Severe cognitive impairment or neurological condition preventing valid assessment.
Acute medical or psychiatric instability that makes participation temporarily impossible.
Inability to complete the assessment procedures, even with support or adapted administration.
Refusal to participate or withdrawal of informed consent. Insufficient clinical, forensic, or follow-up data for longitudinal analysis.
