Revised-Paravertebral Nerve Blocks for Enhanced Recovery After Stoma Closure

Exclusion Criteria

• •Contraindications to nerve block, including skin infection at the puncture site, increased intracranial pressure, uncorrectable coagulopathy, bridging indication for therapeutic anticoagulation (CHADS-VASc ≥8), sepsis, or allergy to local anesthetics.
• •Expected operative time longer than 150 minutes, or stoma reversal not being the primary surgical procedure.
• •Chronic opioid use.
• •Heart failure, liver failure, renal failure, coagulation disorders, or a history of allergy to local anesthetics.
• •Inability to comply with study procedures, including severe psychiatric illness, refusal to sign informed consent, or anticipated difficulty in completing postoperative follow-up.