* Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients. * Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is a validated surrogate marker for atherosclerosis. * Both traditional cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia) and dialysis-specific factors (mineral metabolism disorders, dialysis duration) contribute to vascular damage. * Gap in knowledge: Few studies have comprehensively assessed the combined impact of these factors on CIMT in HD patients.

Carotid Intima-media Thickness in Dialysis Patients and Traditional Risk Factors

What this study is about