Oxygen as a Metabolic Modulator: Divergent Physiological Adaptations to Hypoxic and Hyperoxic Tabata Training.

Exclusion Criteria

• •engaged in professional or elite-level sports training
• •cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic, or neurological disease
• •taking medications known to influence cardiovascular or metabolic responses to exercise To minimize potential confounding factors, participants were instructed to refrain from strenuous physical activity, alcohol consumption, caffeine intake, and smoking for at least 24 hours before each testing session, in accordance with standard exercise testing procedures recommended in exercise physiology guidelines