Diaphragmatic Breathing Training in Chronic Spinal Pain

This study examined the effects of a structured exercise program, with or without diaphragmatic breathing training, in adults with chronic non-specific musculoskeletal pain of the spine. Chronic pain was defined as pain persisting for at least 12 weeks or recurring over a prolonged period. Non-specific musculoskeletal pain refers to pain that cannot be attributed to a specific underlying pathology, such as fracture, trauma, or systemic disease, and is not associated with conditions that require surgical treatment. Participants were recruited from the general population through an open call distributed across academic, clinical, and occupational settings. Individuals who expressed interest were screened for eligibility according to predefined criteria. Eligible participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: an exercise-only group, a combined exercise and diaphragmatic breathing group, or a minimal intervention control group. All participants in the intervention groups followed a 12-week program that included supervised and home-based sessions. The exercise program was designed to improve spinal mobility, functional movement, flexibility, and neuromuscular control through progressive, multi-planar exercises performed in seated and standing positions. The combined intervention group additionally received training in diaphragmatic breathing supported by biofeedback during supervised sessions and practiced breathing exercises independently at home. The control group received psychoeducation and general recommendations for physical activity, including walking, stretching, and relaxation techniques. Validated clinical, psychological, and neuropsychological measures were used to assess pain, emotional status, quality of life, cognitive performance, and behavioral responses. These measures were administered at baseline, after completion of the intervention, and at follow-up. All procedures were conducted according to predefined protocols to ensure consistency across groups.