Lidocaine for LESS Postoperative Shoulder Pain Alleviation

Inclusion Criteria

• •Age: Female patients aged 18-65 years;
• •Clear preoperative diagnosis, suitable for single-port laparoscopic surgery, and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status classification I-II;
• •Patients or their family members can understand the study protocol, are willing to participate in the study, and provide written informed consent.