Hydroxyethyl Starch Versus Crystalloid and Postoperative Major Adverse Kidney Complications

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Emergency surgery;
• •2. Planned implantation of a durable left ventricular assist device;
• •3. History of starch allergy or hypersensitivity;
• •4. History of kidney transplantation;
• •5. Preoperative end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or requirement for renal replacement therapy (RRT);
• •6. Preoperative glomerular filtration rate \< 30 mL/min/1.73 m2;
• •7. Planned intraoperative and postoperative RRT;
• •8. Preoperative use of mechanical circulatory support devices (e.g., intra-aortic balloon pump, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, etc.);
• •9. Significant clinical coagulopathy (e.g., active bleeding disorder or thrombocytopenia with a platelet count \<100,000/µL);
• •10. Active infective endocarditis.