Age

18–100

Sex

ALL

Healthy volunteers

Not accepted

Age ≥18
Chronic migraine or status migrainosus, or craniofacial pain refractory to maximal medical therapy who are undergoing MMA IA lidocaine infusion.
Subject has provided informed consent.

Known allergies to lidocaine
Seizure disorder, history of seizures, or increased seizure susceptibility
Intracranial vascular malformations or dural AVF
Hemodynamic instability, any condition where brief hemodynamic shifts may pose risk
Previous MMA intervention or craniotomy that could result in MMA occlusion
Any implanted electronic device (pacemaker, ICD, DBS, VNS, cochlear implant, spinal cord stimulator)
Significant cardiovascular disease (unstable angina, severe arrhythmias, recent MI)
Severe autonomic dysfunction
Active systemic infection
Vulnerable populations (i.e. pregnant individuals, children, prisoners, individuals lacking decision-making capacity, persons with cognitive impairment, those unable to provide informed consent)

Stimulation of External Carotid Artery Circulation