Can Ultrasound-Guided Fascial Plane Blocks Reduce Postoperative Pulmonary Complications After Major Abdominal Surgery?

Exclusion Criteria

• •Refusal or inability to provide informed consent
• •Known allergy or contraindication to local anesthetics
• •Coagulopathy or ongoing anticoagulant therapy contraindicating regional anesthesia
• •Infection at the site of planned block
• •Pre-existing chronic opioid use or chronic pain syndrome
• •Severe hepatic, renal, or cardiac failure (e.g., Child-Pugh C, end-stage renal disease, EF \<30%)
• •Cognitive impairment or severe dementia preventing adequate pain assessment
• •Emergency surgery
• •Body mass index (BMI \> 40 kg/m²)