Diaphragmatic Excursion Changes and Postoperative Oxygenation After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy

Exclusion Criteria

• •Morbid obesity (BMI ≥ 40 kg/m²)
• •Known diaphragmatic paralysis, phrenic nerve injury, or hemidiaphragm dysfunction
• •Severe COPD, restrictive lung disease, or advanced parenchymal lung disease
• •Preoperative home oxygen therapy or CPAP/BiPAP/home mechanical ventilation
• •Conversion to open surgery (laparoscopic → open)
• •Hemodynamic instability preoperatively or intraoperatively; emergency/complicated surgery
• •Factors preventing ultrasound assessment (e.g., marked upper abdominal gas, large scar/wound, severe subcutaneous edema)
• •Same-day discharge cases with \<24-hour observation
• •Inability to complete measurements (e.g., severe cognitive impairment, poor cooperation, severe pain preventing measurement)
• •Incomplete data not compatible with the protocol