The Efficacy of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) on Cognitive Functions in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

* With over 3.2 million fatalities worldwide, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is considered the third most common cause of mortality and a potentially fatal illness. * Due to anomalies in the lung architecture, COPD is characterised by a variety of respiratory symptoms. * Cognitive impairment (CI) is one of the problems caused by COPD that extends beyond the respiratory system. * The quality of life, treatment compliance, and declines in the condition of COPD patients were all negatively impacted by CI. * As of right now, no intervention has been promised to improve CI in patients with COPD. Objective: To find out how well non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), a novel technique, affects cognitive performance in COPD patients Methods: * The participants and one outcome assessor will be blinded. * King Fahad University Hospital will be the source of the entirely voluntary participants. * The Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal institutions accepted the study protocol. * Following an evaluation using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Test (MoCA), participants will be divided into 2 groups (experimental and control) * For three weeks, both groups will participate in three NIBS sessions per week. While the control group will receive sham brain stimulation, the experimental group will receive active brain stimulation. * Both groups will undergo the evaluation before and after the treatment sessions. * Primary outcome measurements are battery cognition tests; secondary measures include transcranial doppler ultrasound and cardiopulmonary exercise tests. * Independent t-tests will be applied to evaluate the differences between the two groups. * The study will use a two-way repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to determine the intervention's efficacy. * The association between the improvement of cognitive function and certain factors will be ascertained via the Pearson correlation coefficient. * The significance level will be set at a p-value of less than 0.05. Significant: * We hope that the findings of this study will serve as a helpful guide when deciding how to improve CI in patients with COPD and enhance the treatment strategy for this group. * The findings of this study will investigate whether NIBS, which is beneficial in another population, can enhance cognitive function in individuals with COPD.