Effects of Music Therapy on Anesthetic Requirements and Hemodynamic Parameters

After institutional ethics approval and written informed consent, 159 adult patients (ASA I-III) scheduled for elective thoracic surgery under general anesthesia were enrolled. Patients were randomized by sealed-envelope method into three groups: Group T (Sufi music), Group B (Classical Western music), and Group C (control, no music). Music was delivered via over-ear headphones from induction until the end of surgery. Sedation was evaluated using the Riker Sedation-Agitation Scale (RSAS), and pain using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Hemodynamic variables, anesthetic agent consumption, and postoperative recovery parameters were recorded.