The clinical diagnosis of Dry Eye Disease is often made using a combination of subjective symptoms and clinical signs. During early development of DED, patients may be asymptomatic. If asymptomatic, the diagnosis of DED is only detectable by the presence of clinical signs. Advanced DED can be debilitating as it can lead to multiple complications including increasing the risk of eye infections and destruction of ocular tissue which eventually causes a loss of functional visual acuity1-3.
Symptoms of dry eye may include ocular itching, burning, redness, irritation, soreness and or edema of the eyelids, foreign body sensation, tearing, fluctuating vision, and contact lens intolerance. The signs of ocular surface damage includes staining to the bulbar conjunctiva and cornea, reduced tear-break-up-time, decreased tear production, and decreased tear quaaulity. Several questionnaires have been reviewed5-6 to assess symptoms of ocular surface disease and dry eye. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI)5 assesses vision-related function, ocular symptoms, and environmental triggers resulting from dry eye where the goal of the Dry Eye Questionnaire 5 (DEQ-5) is to identify patients with keratoconjunctivitis sicca from those without the condition by asking about the frequency of the feeling of eye dryness. This may be more appropriate to use in the pediatric population as they may not be able to identify with the feeling of dryness, but they should be able to understand 'discomfort' or 'uncomfortable'. While not validated in the pediatric population and regardless of their diagnostic sensitivity for dry eye, standardized questionnaires help assess subjective changes of the patient's symptoms in response to treatment.
Meibomian gland dysfunction can result from a variety of factors, including but not limited to incomplete blinking due to the gland not being able to express a clear lipid layer. This can result in inadequate distribution of the lipid component of the tear layer thereby disrupting adherence of the tears to the eye and thus causing patients to experience the common symptom of "dry eyes." 1,3,4 Once atrophy of the gland occurs, the damage cannot be reversed. Therefore, it is crucial for these patients to maintain healthy tear films and meibomian glands so they don't experience a decrease in visual acuity that can interfere with activities of daily life.
There are several factors which have been proposed to decrease the quality the tear layer and affect the viability of the meibomian glands, and they will be assessed during this study via questionnaires. The one of main interest, particularly in the pediatric population is digital device use. Patient usage of digital devices including: handheld tablets, smart phones, laptops, and computers are increasing as new technology develops and as social and work environments adapt to these technological changes. With the increase in usage of digital devices, eye care practitioners have noted an increase in dry eye signs and symptoms. The potential adverse effect of increased digital device usage may interfere with work performance, productivity, and quality of life.7-9
High levels of mild meibomian gland atrophy have been reported in the pediatric population. This may be due to increased digital device use and near demands of schoolwork. Subsequently, we should be examining young patients for meibomian gland atrophy and dysfunction as early as possible as it may have implications for future development of dry eye disease and complications. Artificial tears and warm compress have been the traditional treatments for DED. Recently, LLLT has been confirmed to produced significant improvements in meibomian gland function and symptoms.10 However, it has not been tested in children. Thus, the study purpose is to determine the treatment effect of LLLT on MGD and DED comparing to using warm compress and artificial tear only in children.
