Cardiovascular Performance and Exercise Response in Patients With Persistent or Permanent Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure Pre and Post Cardioversion or Pace and Ablate

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Creatinine \>180 μmol/L or eGFR \<30 mL/min/1.73 m2
• •2. Significant valvular heart disease: Moderate to severe tricuspid regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis, aortic regurgitation, aortic stenosis
• •3. Patients who have had a TAVI, valvular surgery, or CABG within 3 months of enrolment
• •4. Right ventricular systolic pressure \>50mmHg
• •5. Existing pacemaker
• •6. In sinus rhythm
• •7. Predictable vasovagal syncope to pain and sight of blood