Intraoperative Placement of Vancomycin-impregnated Calcium Sulfate Beads Conjugated With Analgesics to Improve Spine Surgery Outcomes

Exclusion Criteria

• •History of allergy or hypersensitivity to morphine, bupivacaine, or calcium sulfate.
• •Active systemic or localized infection at the surgical site.
• •History of chronic opioid dependence or opioid use disorder (as it may confound pain assessment).
• •Patients with severe renal or hepatic impairment (due to altered metabolism of analgesics and risk of complications from analgesic side effects).
• •Pregnant or breastfeeding individuals.
• •Filling of defects that are intrinsic to the stability of the bony structure
• •Severe vascular or neurological disease
• •Uncontrolled diabetes
• •Severe degenerative bone disease
• •Hypercalcemia