Smoothie Program for Achieving and Resilient Kids

This study is a randomized, between group, dose-response study. Children will be randomly assigned to either receive the control (fruit juice) or a dosage of the experimental yogurt smoothie (1x versus 2x daily) for 4 weeks. Blinding will be established so that researchers do not know which group children are assigned to and families do not know which smoothie is expected to change outcomes. Children will be advised to minimize additional consumption of fermented dairy during the intervention (besides the yogurt provided). Outcomes will be measured at 2 timepoints: immediately before and immediately following the exposure (2 laboratory visits). The visits will take place around 4 weeks apart. In each visit, child participants will undergo a series of tasks, including a Stop Signal Task (SST), a Flanker Task, the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning (WRAML3), the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS), the Weschler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI-II), and the N-back test. During the N-back test, participants will wear an fNIRS cap to measure and record localized brain activity. Skin carotenoid levels will also be measured using the Veggie Meter. Throughout each visit, the parent participant will complete a series of questionnaires that assess family demographics, home food security, child behavior and temperament, child executive function, family food behaviors, child pubertal development, and beverage consumption frequency. Between the two visits, along with the consumption of the juice or yogurt each day, child participants will complete a weekly food log survey. Parent participants will also complete weekly surveys that assess home food inventory, food and beverage consumption practices, and child behavior. Additionally, parent participants will be asked to collect a fecal sample from their child 1-2 nights before each visit with a provided fecal sample collection kit.