Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Indeed, CVD is the leading cause of death in these patients. A primary reason why CKD so greatly exacerbates CVD risk is that CKD accelerates vascular dysfunction, including endothelial dysfunction (i.e., reduced brachial artery flow-mediated dilation \[FMDBA\]) and increased arterial stiffness (i.e., reduced compliance of the large-elastic arteries such as carotid artery), mediated in part by oxidative stress and inflammation that subsequently reduce the bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO; a vasodilator). Given CKD affects 15% of the U.S. population and 13% of the global population, CKD and its associated CVD risk are major public health concerns.
Women with CKD commonly experience menstrual disturbances, amenorrhea, and/or early menopause. Impaired ovarian function is well-known to compromise vascular health and increase CVD risk even in healthy women. As such, the vasculature of women with CKD may be exposed to the detrimental effects of both CKD and impaired ovarian function, which is secondary to CKD and menopause. Thus, declining kidney function and reduced circulating levels of cardioprotective sex hormones, particularly estradiol (E2), are two interrelated factors that contribute to vascular dysfunction and elevated CVD risk in women with CKD.
The long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women is controversial due to studies reporting its adverse effects on cardiovascular risk and breast cancer, which resulted from the long-term use of HRT. Current guidelines reserve the use of HRT only for short-term treatment of menopausal symptoms (e.g., vasomotor), prevention of bone loss and fractures, hypoestrogenism caused by hypogonadism, surgical menopause, or primary ovarian insufficiency. In women with CKD, limited studies examined the effect of HRT. Given reduced vascular dysfunction (associated with reduced circulating E2 secondary to CKD and menopause) and high CVD risk in postmenopausal women with CKD, there is a strong need for the identification of alternative pharmacological compounds to HRT that can improve vascular function in this population.
Equol is a gut microbiota-derived secondary metabolite of soy isoflavone (i.e., daidzein). Equol has been identified as a vasoactive nutraceutical and has been shown to benefit vascular function in preclinical studies and clinical studies including healthy subjects. Similar to E2, the beneficial effect of equol on vascular function appears to be in part mediated by its anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties that subsequently increase NO production. However, whether equol improves vascular function in postmenopausal women with CKD is unknown.
The overall goal is to examine the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of a novel therapeutic intervention - oral supplementation with equol - for improving CKD-associated vascular dysfunction in women. In a parallel, placebo-controlled, double-blind (RCT), the longer term effects (12 weeks) of equol supplementation on vascular function will be determined.
