The Impacts of Chronic Non-specific Low Back Pain on Cognitive Functions of Older Adults: A Longitudinal Study

Exclusion Criteria

• •Inability to ambulate without assistance from another person (canes or walkers will be allowed)
• •Having specific causes of LBP (e.g., spinal stenosis, lumbar disc herniation, spondylolisthesis, recent vertebral fracture, spinal infection)
• •Having other concurrent musculoskeletal conditions at other body parts (e.g., fibromyalgia, or neck or knee pain)
• •Self-reported history of lumbar or lower extremity surgery
• •Self-reported history of neurological or psychiatric disorders (e.g., stroke, brain surgery, head trauma; schizophrenia, multiple personality disorder, dissociative identity disorder, stroke) or self-reported cancer history
• •Self-reported specific inflammatory disorder: rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatica, scleroderma, lupus, or polymyositis
• •Unexplained, unintended weight loss of 20 lbs or more in the past year
• •Cauda equina syndrome
• •Uncorrected visual deficit
• •Drug or alcohol addiction
• •Taking alcohol, opioids or benzodiazepines medicines 24 hours before the experiment
• •Claustrophobia
• •Contraindications for undergoing the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination based on the MRI safety screening form of University Research Facility in Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University