Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is a common consequence of ambulatory surgery, affecting up to 80% of high-risk patients and 20-30% overall.(1) Despite being widespread, a prior survey found that patients are more averse to PONV than pain and other significant postoperative problems.(2) Furthermore, even mild cases of PONV can have serious repercussions, such as postanesthesia care unit (PACU) workflow disruption, delayed discharges, higher medical costs, and lower patient satisfaction.(3)PONV following intraocular surgery can be unpleasant and may lead to serious complications including suprachoroidal hemorrhage (SCH).(4) SCH is a potentially serious condition that occurs when the posterior ciliary arteries or vortex veins burst, resulting in blood in the suprachoroidal region.(5)
Several medications are proved to be effective for prevention of nausea and vomiting like steroids, dopamine antagonists and serotonin antagonists. PONV is best prevented and treated with selective serotonin receptor antagonists. Although serotonin receptor antagonists are more successful than metoclopramide and dexamethasone in preventing and treating PONV, their usage is restricted due to their expensive cost and limited availability in resource-poor facilities.(6) In an attempt to decrease the incidence of PONV in the ambulatory setting, several anti-emetics have been studied.(7) For decades, metoclopramide has been a popular antiemetic due to its dose-dependent activity on central dopaminergic D2 receptors, central and peripheral 5-HT3 receptors, and peripheral 5-HT4 receptors. Despite inconsistent results, it is nevertheless commonly used in clinical practice to prevent nausea and vomiting after surgery.(8) Dexamethasone was utilized as a standalone medication during surgery for both pediatric and adult patients.(9) Recently, there has been a suggestion that dexamethasone, which has been shown to be more effective in preventing nausea and is thought to lower 5-HT levels in the central nervous system, could lower the incidence of PONV.(10)
The hypothesis is that dexamethasone will lower the incidence of PONV after cataract surgery when compared with metoclopramide.
Aim of the work:
The present study aims to test the efficacy of dexamethasone and metoclopramide in prevention of PONV in patients undergoing cataract surgery.
Primary outcome:
• Incidence of PONV
Secondary outcomes:
* Number of patients took antiemetic drug in 24h
* Postoperative pain score
Patients :
Study settings:
This study will be conducted in ophthalmology department, Alexandria university hospitals.
Study design:
Placebo-controlled, double blind, randomized, prospective study
Sample size calculation:
Study population:
All patients will be randomized 1:1 using a sealed envelope method. Patients will be divided into three equal groups:
Group P: patients will receive 0.9% normal saline
Group M: patients will receive 10 mg metoclopramide Group D: patients will receive 8 mg dexamethasone
Methods:
Preoperative evaluation and preparation:
During preoperative visit, evaluation of patients will be carried out through proper history taking, clinical examination and routine laboratory investigations including complete blood picture, coagulation profile, blood urea, serum creatinine, serum electrolytes and any other investigation needed.
Pre-anesthetic preparation and premedication:
* Informed written consent, from all individual participants who will be included in this study will be taken during preoperative visit.
* Patients should be trained during preoperative visit on a visual analogue scale (VAS), with 0 corresponding to no pain and 10 to the worst pain imaginable
On arrival to operative theatre, intravenous cannula will be inserted and standard monitoring will be established using multichannel monitor (Carescape Monitor B650, GE Healthcare Finland) to monitor the following in both groups:
* Electrocardiogram (ECG) for heart rate and rhythm. (Beats/min).
* Non-invasive measurement of arterial blood pressure. (Mean blood pressure in mmHg).
* Pulse oxygen saturation. (SpO2%). Before sedation, patients will be randomly allocated to receive one of three drugs. Three 2-mL syringes containing either 8 mg dexamethasone,10 mg metoclopramide, or 0.9% saline per syringe will be prepared by an anesthetist who is not one of the observers. Syringes will be marked with a coded label. Patients in group P will receive 0.9% normal saline, group M will receive 10 mg metoclopramide and group D will receive 8 mg dexamethasone before sedation. All patients will be sedated with 0.025 mg /kg midazolam, 0.25 mg/kg ketamine and 0.05 mg/kg nalbuphine. Peribulbar block with 2 ml lidocaine 2% and 3 ml bupivacaine 0.5% will be given to all patients.
The rescue antiemetic will be ondansetron 4 mg IV, which will be given for prolonged nausea (exceeding 10 min) or vomiting or at the patient's request and will be repeated if necessary. Pain will be assessed using VAS. Nausea will be assessed using a linear numerical scale of 0-3 (0=none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe). The rescue analgesic will be intravenous ketorolac 30 mg if VAS \>3. Nausea refers to the unpleasant sensation of wanting to vomit, while vomiting is the forceful ejection of gastric contents from the mouth.
