Ultrasound Assessment of Fetal Growth Parameters

Exclusion Criteria

• •Multiple gestation, fetal demise, or stillbirth; Pregnancy complications or comorbidities affecting fetal growth; Clinically diagnosed fetal growth restriction (FGR); Confirmed pathogenic infections (serology-positive), including TORCH, HIV, RPR, or other infections; Prenatal ultrasound indicating fetal hydrops, structural anomalies, or chromosomal abnormalities; History of substance abuse (e.g., drugs, smoking, alcohol) or medication use in early pregnancy; Discrepancy between clinical gestational age and ultrasound-estimated gestational age; Lack of follow-up information.