Risk Factors and Application of Risk Management Strategies in Hemodialysis Patients Complicated With Heart Failure

Exclusion Criteria

• •Patients were excluded if they had severe liver diseases (e.g., cirrhosis or liver failure), significant systemic infections, active tuberculosis, malignant tumors, connective tissue diseases, or other major illnesses.
• •* Patients with congenital kidney diseases, congenital heart defects, or other severe congenital structural abnormalities were excluded.
• •* Patients who had a documented history of severe cardiac diseases were excluded, including those with primary/secondary cardiomyopathy, valvular heart disease, myocarditis, or pericardial diseases.
• •* Patients were excluded if they had severe mental disorders or cognitive impairments that prevented their cooperation with study assessments or treatments.
• •⑤Patients whose clinical records or examination data were incomplete, thereby precluding effective analysis, were excluded.