Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a persistent and relapsing condition with profound personal, familial, and societal consequences. Although several psychosocial interventions have demonstrated efficacy, there remains an unmet need for alternative, accessible, and effective therapeutic approaches that can be tailored to individual needs and cognitive styles. Combined Behavioral Intervention (CBI), which integrates Motivational Interviewing (MI), Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), and relapse prevention strategies, is regarded as a gold-standard modality for the treatment of alcohol addiction. Ericksonian Hypnotherapy (EH), in contrast, represents a less traditional but increasingly recognized intervention that uses indirect suggestion, personalized metaphor, and trance-based language to target the unconscious processes that often underlie maladaptive behaviors such as substance use.
This randomized controlled trial (RCT) aims to directly compare the clinical efficacy of CBI and EH in reducing alcohol use and related psychological symptoms among adults diagnosed with AUD. The trial also seeks to assess differential impacts on craving typologies, cognitive beliefs related to addiction, mental health symptoms, quality of life, and motivation to change. While CBI is grounded in conscious, structured therapeutic engagement and skill acquisition, EH offers a fluid and individualized therapeutic experience that may bypass conscious resistance, making it especially relevant for individuals who struggle with conventional, didactic approaches.
A total of 90 adult participants will be enrolled, all of whom will meet DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Alcohol Use Disorder (mild to severe), confirmed by a qualified psychiatrist. Participants will be recruited through private psychiatric clinics and general psychiatry outpatient services in Istanbul, Turkey, leveraging a network of collaborating clinicians who will refer eligible individuals. After informed consent and baseline screening, participants will be randomly assigned in equal numbers (1:1:1) to one of three study arms: (1) Combined Behavioral Intervention (CBI), (2) Ericksonian Hypnotherapy (EH), or (3) control group receiving general educational materials and referral guidance without structured psychotherapy.
Participants in the CBI group will attend 12 weekly individual or small group sessions (depending on scheduling and logistics), each lasting approximately 60 minutes. These sessions will systematically cover motivation enhancement, cognitive restructuring, coping with triggers, and relapse prevention strategies. The EH group will also receive 12 weekly sessions lasting approximately 45-60 minutes each. These sessions will employ individualized hypnotic induction techniques, ego-strengthening interventions, post-hypnotic suggestions, and metaphoric storytelling designed to promote subconscious readiness for change. Audio recordings will be provided to support daily self-hypnosis practice at home, though this is not mandatory. The control group will receive psychoeducational materials related to alcohol addiction, as well as referral contact information for local support services, but will not engage in any structured therapeutic process.
The study will involve repeated measurement of both behavioral and psychological variables across four timepoints: baseline (T0), midpoint of treatment at Week 6 (T1), post-treatment at Week 12 (T2), and follow-up at Month 10 (T3). The primary outcome is alcohol consumption, measured by the Timeline Follow-Back (TLFB) method-a validated, retrospective self-report tool assessing daily drinking over the past 30 days.
Secondary outcomes include both cognitive and phenomenological dimensions of craving, measured using the Craving Beliefs Questionnaire (CBQ) and the Craving Typology Questionnaire (CTQ), respectively. These instruments offer a dual lens into the subjective experience of craving: CBQ focuses on belief systems that maintain substance use (e.g., perceived uncontrollability), while CTQ distinguishes between obsessive, relief-oriented, and reward-based craving patterns. Depression and anxiety symptoms will be assessed using either the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) or Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) or Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), depending on participant suitability and assessment availability. Broader quality-of-life impacts will be measured using the WHO Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) or alternatively the Short Form-12 (SF-12). Readiness to change will be assessed with the Turkish version of the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES).
Adherence to treatment (session attendance) and participant satisfaction with therapy will also be recorded, alongside reasons for withdrawal if applicable. Outcome data will be collected and coded by trained, blinded assessors who will have no role in therapy delivery or treatment group assignment.
Statistical analysis will follow an intention-to-treat (ITT) principle. The primary outcome-change in alcohol consumption-will be analyzed using linear mixed-effects modeling or repeated measures ANOVA with fixed effects for group, time, and group-by-time interactions. Secondary analyses will explore group differences in craving, mental health symptoms, and readiness to change using similar longitudinal methods. Multiple imputation or last observation carried forward (LOCF) strategies will be employed to address missing data. Subgroup analyses based on baseline severity and comorbidity may be conducted if sample size permits.
The central hypothesis of the study is that Ericksonian Hypnotherapy will be non-inferior or superior to Combined Behavioral Intervention in reducing alcohol use and related craving. It is further hypothesized that while CBI will lead to stronger improvements in belief-driven cognitive mechanisms, EH may be more effective in addressing the emotional and phenomenological dimensions of craving. Both active treatments are expected to yield superior outcomes compared to the control group.
By testing a structured comparison between a widely used evidence-based model (CBI) and a less conventional yet promising method (EH), this study has the potential to inform clinical decision-making, diversify treatment options, and contribute new insights into how psychological and hypnotic methods can be integrated into substance use treatment. The use of both cognitive and experiential craving assessments, together with validated instruments and a robust design, supports the methodological rigor of this trial.
