Age

18–any

Sex

ALL

Healthy volunteers

Not accepted

1. Adult aged ≥18 years with ESRD.
2. Patients who had been on stable maintenance hemodialysis (3 times weekly) for at least 6 months.
3. Patients receiving phosphate binders according to standard protocols established by kidney disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO).

1. Severely malnourished (as diagnosed by the department's dietitian).
2. Treated with overnight dialysis.
3. Primary hyperparathyroidism or persistent serum levels of intact parathyroid hormone greater than 800 pg/mL.

Activated Charcoal Use in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients