Background Fear of falling (FoF) is a serious public health problem affecting healthy and patient populations worldwide. It can range from a healthy caution that leads individuals to avoid environmental hazards such as icy, slippery roads or wet surfaces, to a disabling fear that forces them to stay at home, limiting their mobility and participation in activities of daily living. Several factors contribute to the development of FoF, including physical, cognitive, psychological, social and environmental influences. For example, in older adults, age-related declines in strength, sensation and cognitive function increase the risk of falling, which ultimately increases the FoF. Similarly, environmental factors such as icy winter conditions, particularly in Scandinavia, have been shown to increase FoF, not only in older adults but also in middle-aged and younger populations. FoF leads to self-imposed avoidance behaviors, meaning that individuals suffering from FoF voluntarily restrict their own mobility, which further worsens their health outcomes, increases their social isolation and reduces their overall quality of life. Ironically, this avoidance behavior, which is intended to prevent falls, has been reported to increase the risk of falling.
Despite the availability of interventions to reduce FoF, their effectiveness remains limited. One possible explanation is the lack of focus on the design of the environment, particularly on how individuals interact with the floor itself. In urbanized societies, direct contact with the floor through activities such as sitting, lying down or kneeling is rare. This lack of engagement can create a sense of unfamiliarity, similar to the discomfort a European might feel when eating with chopsticks in Asia, or a Swedish driver navigating left-hand traffic in the UK. Both examples illustrate how unfamiliarity with a task can lead to psychological uncertainty. For individuals with limited exposure to floor-based activities, this disconnect may similarly exacerbate psychological uncertainty about the floor and managing falls, intensifying FoF. Likewise, reduced engagement with floor-based activities in urbanized societies might also lead to deconditioning of the muscular strength and coordination needed to recover from falls. This could explain why adults who are do not know how to get back up after a fall experience heightened FoF.
These explanations are consistent with the uncertainty and anticipation model, which suggests that uncertainty about potential threats - such as falling - can increase threat expectancy. This overestimation of the risks associated with falling may in turn lead to maladaptive behaviors, including hypervigilance, avoidance, biased attention and poor updating of associative learning, all of which may contribute to increased FoF (10). Addressing this multifaceted problem therefore requires interventions that address underlying causes, such as limited ground exposure and inadequate post-fall recovery strategies, to mitigate the development of FoF.
The Floor Hugging Intervention (Floor-HI) is one such program that has been developed along these lines and may prove to be a potentially beneficial approach to alleviating FoF. The program comprises two main components: one aimed at enhancing familiarity with the floor and the other focused on developing post-fall strategies. Here, the first component of the Floor-HI, which deals with floor exposure, is based on emotional processing theory and allows for confrontation with the uncertainty of the floor and falls by asking individuals to lie on the floor in various positions while imagining that they have fallen. The act of spending time on the floor and imagining a fall in a safe environment is intended to create cognitive dissonance that can reshape and update fear structures to reduce the FoF. The second component of Floor-HI, which involves teaching individuals' strategies for getting back up after a fall, is intended to further empower individuals by increasing their self-efficacy in coping with falls, thereby further reducing the uncertainty (i.e. lack of post-fall contingencies) that also contributes to the development of FoF.
An innovative feature of Floor-HI is the use of printed surfaces that simulate high-risk environments such as icy, snowy, wet and cluttered surfaces, allowing participants to train in environments that reflect real-world challenges. This environmentally relevant approach ensures that training remains ecologically salient, safe while preparing individuals for potential hazards in a controlled and engaging manner. The program also addresses a critical gap in current government guidelines, which focus primarily on ground level strategies that rely on furniture for support. Such strategies may not be applicable in outdoor or unsupported environments. Floor-HI takes a personalized approach, allowing participants to choose between supported and unsupported floor-rising techniques based on their physical abilities.
Floor-HI Steps
Floor HI training consists of three systematic steps. In the first phase, participants assume a position on the floor. The second phase simulates a fall scenario. Finally, the individual regains an upright position using a supported or unsupported floor-rise strategy. The detailed steps are described below:
1. Positioning on the floor: Participants will initially be taught the backward chaining method, an evidence-based strategy for safely transitioning to the floor. This technique will involve using nearby furniture for support to move from an upright stance to a kneeling position, progressing through prone and lateral recumbent positions before ultimately assuming a supine posture.
2. Floor hugging: In this phase, participants will adopt a position on the floor, which may include supine, prone, side-lying, or semi-prone/supine poses. They will be encouraged to simulate a fall scenario by observing their surroundings while engaging in relaxation techniques. This will include practicing deep breathing exercises and listening to calming music to reduce anxiety.
3. Getting back up from the floor: The final phase will focus on teaching participants techniques to recover from a fall, tailored to their individual balance capabilities.
* For individuals with poor balance, the forward chaining method will be employed, essentially reversing the backward chaining process. This step-by-step approach will transition from a supine position to side-lying, then to half-sitting, prone kneeling, high kneeling, half-kneeling, and finally to stride standing, with support from assistive furniture.
* For individuals with good balance, such as young or middle-aged participants an approach which does not rely on the use of assistive furniture will be used. The approach would consist of seven key components: lying, initiating, positioning, supporting, elevation, stabilization, and transitioning to a standing posture.
The Floor-HI program has been thoughtfully designed in alignment with the biopsychosocial model of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. This model emphasizes the interplay between biological, psychological, and social factors in promoting overall well-being. It is hypothesized that Floor-HI training will reduce the uncertainty associated with floor exposure and post-fall scenarios, thereby alleviating psychological distress. Moreover, the program is expected to enhance balance confidence and self-efficacy in managing falls, which could contribute to improved social well-being for participants. Physical benefits, such as improved static and dynamic balance and mobility, are also anticipated as participants build strength and coordination through repeated practice of floor-rising strategies.
To comprehensively evaluate the impact of the Floor-HI intervention on mobility and well-being, a thorough assessment is required. This includes examining its effects on FoF, balance ability, floor-rising ability, fall frequency, and quality of life. Additionally, understanding the program's implementation is essential. Evaluating participant acceptability and identifying any potential adverse events associated with Floor-HI will provide valuable insights for future optimization of the intervention.
Research questions
Primary question:
1. To evaluate the influence of Floor-HI on FoF in adults.
Secondary questions:
2. To evaluate the influence of Floor-HI on postural stability, turn capacity, floor rising ability, fall incidences, and health-related quality of life.
3. To evaluate the acceptability of the Floor-HI.
4. To evaluate potential adverse events related to the Floor-HI.
Study design This study will use a sequential design with multiple pre- and post-assessments. Participants will be evaluated at four time points: baseline (week 0), pre-intervention (week 3), post-intervention (week 6), and follow-up (week 9). The strength of this design lies in its ability to incorporate a built-in control period. The initial 3-week interval between baseline and pre-intervention, during which participants will not undergo training, serves as a control period to assess the effectiveness of the Floor-HI intervention. Additionally, the follow-up assessment between weeks 6 and 9 will help determine whether the benefits gained from the 3-week Floor-HI training are retained over time.
Participants: Healthy adults (18 to 64 years) will be recruited for the study. The inclusion criteria for participation will be: i) adults with intact cognitive function (Montreal Cognitive Assessment score ≥ 26 out of 30); ii) adults who are functionally independent and able to perform activities of daily living without assistance; iii) adults who are not receiving concomitant balance training; iv) adults who can speak and understand either Swedish or English.
Sample size: The sample size calculation is based on the study's primary outcome, the Falls Efficacy Scale-International. According to the literature, a Minimal Clinically Important Difference of at least 5.5 points on the falls efficacy scale-international is considered significant from the patient's perspective. To ensure 90% statistical power, with an alpha error of 0.05 and assuming a medium effect size (Cohen's d = 0.50), the study requires a sample size of 44 participants. Accounting for an anticipated dropout rate of approximately 10%, the recruitment target is set at 48 participants.
Assessment: The efficacy of Floor-HI will be evaluated using the following tools:
1. FoF: FoF will be assessed using the Falls Efficacy Scale-International, a 16-item scale that measures concerns about falling during various activities. Participants will rate their level of concern on a 4-point Likert scale. Scores range from 16 to 64, with higher scores indicating a greater FoF.
2. Floor rising ability: Floor-rising ability will be assessed using the Sit-to-Stand Test, which measures the ability to sit and rise from the floor with minimal support. The test is scored from 0 to 10, with points deducted for the use of support or unstable movements. Higher scores indicate a better ability to rise from the floor.
3. Postural stability: Postural stability will be assessed using the Mini Balance Evaluation System Test, a 14-question tool that measures balance in several areas. Each question is scored from 0 to 2, with higher total scores (up to 28) indicating better balance.
4. Turning ability: Turning ability will be assessed using the 360° Turn Test, which evaluates dynamic balance. Participants will be asked to complete a full circle turn, with the time and/or number of steps taken recorded.
Evaluated at four time points: baseline (week 0), pre-intervention (week 3), post-intervention (week 6), and follow-up (week 9).
5. Health-related quality of life: The 36-item RAND Health Survey will be used to assess health-related quality of life across eight health domains.
6. Fall incidence: Participants will record daily falls in a diary, noting the cause, location, and outcome of each fall.
7. Acceptability of the intervention: Acceptability will be assessed using the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability questionnaire, which evaluates participants' perceptions of the intervention based on seven constructs, including efficacy and self-efficacy.
8. Adverse events: Adverse events will be documented using the National Institute on Aging Adverse Event Form, recording any adverse events experienced by participants during the study role.
Ethical approval An ethical approval has been received for the project (2024-07271-01).
