Analysis of the Analgesic Mechanism of TENS-WAA During Non-anesthetized Colonoscopy Using EEG-fNIRS System

Exclusion Criteria

• •* Participants with speech or cognitive impairments.
• •* Those with acute anal or rectal stenosis, acute perianal or rectal infections, acute diverticulitis, or active inflammatory bowel disease.
• •* Women who are menstruating, pregnant, or breastfeeding.
• •* Patients with active tuberculosis, hemophilia, or advanced malignant tumors.
• •* Individuals with sensory disturbances, implanted pacemakers or defibrillators, or ankle skin ulcers.
• •* Those who have used sedatives or analgesics either long-term or within the past 24 hours.
• •* Individuals with any condition that interferes with EEG-fNIRS signal acquisition, such as cranial abnormalities, implanted metal or electronic devices, epilepsy, or neurological disorders.