Emotional disorders such as anxiety and depression are the most common mental health problems affecting older people, and are highly comorbid . The prevalence is high (greater than 25 %), with increasing prevalence for people with comorbid somatic disorders (greater than 40%). Evidence suggests that psychological treatment for older adults is as effective as for working-age adults and maybe even more effective in old adults with comorbid somatic disorders. Despite this, older adults are generally under-represented in psychological services.
Most older adults with emotional disorders receive psychopharmacological treatment as the first choice, even when national and clinical guidelines suggest offering psychological treatment as a first choice or combining medication and psychological treatment. Studies show that adults older than 65 prefer psychological therapy over psychotropic medication. Choosing psychological treatment also decreases risks associated with polypharmacy. Evidence shows that psychological treatment for common mental health problems in people older than 65 is effective. Implementing effective and available psychological treatment for people older than 65 in Norway is challenging, primarily due to lack of referral to mental health care units despite the guidance of priority for public mental health services recommend stressing the severity of symptoms and not age itself. Negative consequences for untreated mental health problems in older adults can have significant consequences on overall well-being, ranging from social isolation, cognitive decline, increased risk of suicide and exacerbating existing medical conditions. Thus, making evidence-based psychological services available for older adults is a highly relevant goal to achieve.
A key barrier challenging the implementation of evidence-based psychological treatment is that implementing diagnosis-specific protocols is not very well suited to the clinical settings where comorbidity and complexity are the norm. This is not specific for mental health care for people older than 65, implementing evidence-based psychological treatment is challenging in the health care systems in general. Accordingly, transdiagnostic treatment protocols have been developed over the last decades, where the treatment model targets underlying processes and mechanisms across different, but commonly comorbid, diagnoses. Barlow and colleagues have developed the "Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders" in response to this issue. The Unified Protocol (UP) has shown promising results in treating anxiety and depression in various populations. However, its efficacy in older adults (older than 65 years) remains understudied. This is not specific to UP; most treatment protocols and outcome scales used in mental health care for adults are mainly developed for adults of working age and not adapted for the specific issues in late adulthood where immobility and social isolation, comorbid somatic disorders, and impaired executive functioning are more common. Given that psychological treatments for common mental health problems in people older than 65 are effective when adjusted to the needs of the population, investigating the feasibility of transdiagnostic treatments such as UP seems highly relevant. UP's theoretical foundations for development and maintenance of emotional disorders also seems transferable to our specific population, as described in the following section.
The transdiagnostic model of Unified Protocol According to UP, a typical shared personality dimension or temperament of people with emotional disorders is the vulnerability dimension of neuroticism, contributing to experience negative emotions with high intensity. People high in neuroticism tend to perceive these emotions as highly uncontrollable and dangerous, something that should be avoided. In sum, these negative emotions place the person at risk for persistent mental health problems. Two central processes may then contribute to the development of emotional disorders such as anxiety or depression. The first is the tendency to react aversively to intense emotional experiences. The second is the tendency for avoidant coping. UP targets both the vulnerability dimension of neuroticism and the dysfunctional coping of strong emotions. Further, the UP model directly approaches the patient's emotion regulation by focusing on cognitive flexibility, exposure exercises, mindful awareness, acceptance, and other evidence-based therapeutic approaches known from cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), emotion-focused therapy, and mindfulness-based interventions. Patients learn to understand their emotional experiences, observe them without judgment, stop avoidant coping, and change their behaviour toward reaching their goals. Avoiding negative stimuli is a common coping strategy for emotion regulation in old adults, but not all stressors may be avoided. Thus, learning to cope with emotional experiences through exposure as the theoretical foundation of UP suggests, seems transferable to our population. Clinical guidelines on emotional disorders, anxiety and depression in old adults also stress increasing the level of activity and break social isolation as important goals of treatment. Even if neural deterioration will occur with age, there is a potential of neuroplasticity and participants may still learn new behaviours and change in response to new experiences. However, identifying the older patient that will benefit from UP will probably require a wider initial assessment of cognitive functions (memory and executive function) and somatic condition (pharmacological treatment and somatic disorders potentially presenting as psychiatric symptoms).
Objectives UP has been investigated in large trials with promising results. A 14- session Group-based UP is currently implemented, and its feasibility is systematically evaluated in Norway in an adult population (18-40 years). There is an increasing expertise in western Norway on the method. There are also clinical experiences with an eight-session group based UP with older adults from a Geriatric Psychiatric Clinic (Äldrepsykiatrisk mottagning), Sahlgrenska Universitetssjukhuset (Gothenburg, Sweeden) where one found some effect on depressive symptoms and anxiety. Foremost, the participants with the best treatment effect changed the way they related to their thoughts and feelings (their psychological flexibility). As one participant said:" I can recognize my weak spots better. That is a window for change. When I recognize the patterns that are bad for me, it gives me the possibility to change them. I have learned a lot about emotions. I understand so much more, I recognize things that are not helpful to me." Experiences from these groups led the therapists to adapt the original manual and use less worksheets, practice mindful emotion awareness throughout the treatment, adjust psychoeducation to older adults' experiences, and adjust examples in the worksheets to older adults (less work, school and family-oriented examples).
Hence, the timing for testing UP in old adults in a research project seems optimal, with the possibility of collaborating with experienced clinicians and researchers in our project. This research proposal may well provide valuable insights into the feasibility of the Unified Protocol for treating emotional disorders in older adults. The findings will contribute to the growing body of evidence on transdiagnostic treatments and inform the development of adapted interventions for this population. The results will also inform the possibility of conducting a larger RCT with tailored treatment with UP for old adults on a later stage.
