A Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Three Butyrate Products

Exclusion Criteria

• •A history of unstable or new-onset cardiovascular/cardiorespiratory, liver, or renal disease.
• •The participant's alcohol consumption is more than two standard alcoholic drinks per day or more than 10 drinks per week or has a history of drug/alcohol abuse or dependence.
• •History of diabetes (any form) or any endocrine disorder.
• •Fasting blood sugar of \> 125 mg/dL.
• •Current smokers or smoking cessation within the past month (28 days).
• •History of hyperparathyroidism or an untreated thyroid disease.
• •History of malignancy in the previous five years except for non-melanoma skin cancer (basal cell cancer or squamous cell cancer of the skin).
• •Any history of gastrointestinal bypass surgery, etc., or any known functional gastrointestinal disorder that may impact nutrient absorption, e.g., short bowel syndrome, atrophic gastritis, IBD, diarrheal illnesses, history of colon resection, gastroparesis, gastric resection, celiac disease, or Inherited Errors of Metabolism (such as PKU).
• •Chronic inflammatory condition or disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's Disease, ulcerative colitis, lupus, HIV/AIDS, etc.).
• •History of using butyrate or tributyrin-containing dietary supplements within the past seven days.
• •Known allergy or sensitivity to any ingredient in the test formulations as listed on the product label.
• •Any other diseases or conditions that, in the opinion of the medical staff, could confound the primary endpoints or place the subject at increased risk of harm if they were to participate.