Assessing the Impact of Perceptions of Unpredictability on Objective Measures of Food Consumption and Metabolism

Study Description: The unpredictability schema - "a pervasive belief that other people cannot be trusted and future outcomes cannot be predicted or controlled" - has been hypothesized to (1) be shaped by parental/household dynamics and (2) impact appetitive and consumptive behaviors. However, studies on appetitive behaviors were mostly based on self-report and to our knowledge, no studies have examined objective measurements of energy intake or expenditure in association with unpredictability. Therefore, the current study seeks to examine whether the unpredictability schema as measured by a composite score of unpredictability assessments is associated with ad libitum food consumption and eating in the absence of hunger, measured objectively. Furthermore, we will examine the associations between the unpredictability schema and physical activity, resting metabolic rate/respiratory quotient, and glucose trajectories during an oral glucose tolerant test and continuous glucose monitoring in a cohort of healthy participants. Objectives: Primary Objective: * To determine whether an association exists between unpredictability schema measures (schema/beliefs and childhood experiences as measured by derived from the Child Unpredictability Index, Scale of Unpredictability Beliefs, Unpredictability Schema Scale, and Confusion, Hubbub, and Order Scale and, individually, by scale totals and subscales) and ad libitum food intake. * To determine whether an association exists between the unpredictability schema and experience scores and eating in the absence of hunger (as determined by the snack food taste test). Secondary Objectives: * To determine whether an association exists between the unpredictability schema and experience scores and self-reported appetitive eating traits and behavior (as measured by the Eating in the Absence of Hunger Scale, Body Awareness Questionnaire, Reward-Based Eating Drive Scale, U.S. Adult food Security Survey Module, and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire). * To determine whether an association exists between measures of the unpredictability schema and experience scores and physical activity. * To determine whether an association exists between measures of the unpredictability schema and experience scores and resting metabolic rate and RQ. * To determine whether an association exists between measures of the unpredictability schema and experience scores and glucose values (CGM and OGTT). * To determine whether an association exists between measures of the unpredictability schema and experience scores and telomere length. * To determine whether an association exists between measures of the unpredictability schema and experience scores and with gut microbiota composition. * To determine whether an association exists between measures of the unpredictability schema and experience scores with countylevel food swamp statistics (i.e., Retail Food Environment Index). Tertiary Objectives: * To determine the associations between measures of early childhood experiences (as measured by an overall composite measure derived by the maternal care/warmth subscale of the Parental Bonding Instrument and physical and emotional neglect subscales from the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and, individually, by scale totals and subscales) and outcomes outlined in the primary and secondary objectives. * To determine whether an association exists between measures of early childhood experiences and the unpredictability schema and experience scores. * Examine psychosocial and physiological variables (based on theory and past literature) that may mediate or moderate the relationship between the unpredictability schema and our primary and secondary endpoints. * Examine associations of metabolic measures with psychosocial measures (e.g., perceived stress, anhedonia, anxiety, depression, etc.), hormonal endpoints, or future biomarker assayed at a later time point. Endpoints: Primary Endpoint: * Ad libitum Food Intake (kcal) measured from a buffet meal task. * Eating in the absence of hunger (kcal) from a snack food taste test. Secondary Endpoints: * Self-reported scores from the following eating measures: Eating in the Absence of Hunger Scale, Body Awareness Questionnaire, Reward-Based Eating Drive Scale, U.S. Adult food Security Survey Module, and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire. * Physical activity values and trajectories from the 10-day outpatient research accelerometer assessment. * Resting metabolic rate and respiratory quotient values obtained from the metabolic hood. * Glucose values and trajectories from fasting labs, OGTT, and 10-day outpatient CGM assessment. * Telomere length (t/s ratio) * Gut Flora Composition * County-level Food Swamp Score (i.e., Retail Food Environment Index) Tertiary Endpoints: * Ad libitum Food Intake (kcal) measured from (1) a buffet meal task and (2) the snack food taste test; Physical activity values and trajectories from the 10-day outpatient research accelerometer assessment; Resting metabolic rate and respiratory quotient values obtained from the metabolic hood; Glucose values and trajectories from fasting labs, OGTT, and 10-day outpatient CGM assessment. * Ad libitum Food Intake (kcal) measured from (1) a buffet meal task and (2) the snack food taste test; Physical activity values and trajectories from the 10-day outpatient research accelerometer assessment; Resting metabolic rate and respiratory quotient values obtained from the metabolic hood; Glucose values and trajectories from fasting labs, OGTT, and 10-day outpatient CGM assessment. * Unpredictability schema and experience scores * Ad libitum Food Intake (kcal) measured from (1) a buffet meal task and (2) the snack food taste test; Physical activity values and trajectories from the 10-day outpatient research accelerometer assessment; Resting metabolic rate and respiratory quotient values obtained from the metabolic hood; Glucose values and trajectories from fasting labs, OGTT, and 10-day outpatient CGM assessment. * Plasma hormone, metabolite and protein concentration measured following data collection.