In the pre-antibiotic era, surgery was a perilous endeavour, fraught with high infection risks and grim patient outcomes. Surgeons waged a relentless battle against postoperative infections. Even routine procedures were laden with danger, leading to severe complications, high morbidity, and alarming mortality rates. The inability to curb bacterial growth in surgical wounds cast a dark shadow over the medical field, highlighting the desperate need for a revolutionary breakthrough in infection control.
The Discovery of Penicillin in 1928 by Sir Alexander Fleming marked the beginning of the Antibiotic revolution On November 28, 1942, a fire broke out at The Cocoanut Grove Nightclub, in Boston, Massachusetts, and many survivors received skin grafts which are liable to infection by Staphylococcus. Treatment with penicillin was hugely successful at the Massachusetts General Hospital. Dozens of people were rescued from near-certain death in the first public demonstration of the powers of the antibiotic, at that time the Boston Globe called it "priceless" and Time magazine dubbed it a "wonder drug. This midwifed the birth of the modern pharmaceutical industry, and nearly doubled life expectancy, from 48 years at the turn of the 20th century to 78 years in the post-World War II years.
This also provided hope for surgeons grappling with the scourge of Surgical Site Infections. Antibiotics emerged as powerful weapons in the arsenal against infectious complications, ushering in a new era of proactive infection control. For the first time, surgeons had tools to combat bacteria directly, significantly reducing postoperative complications. This newfound ability to administer antibiotics prophylactically before surgical incisions marked a profound turning point, ultimately enhancing patient safety and reshaping the surgery landscape.
Despite the remarkable achievements, the euphoria surrounding antibiotics precipitated a darker issue. The widespread and indiscriminate administration of antibiotics, sometimes in situations where they confer minimal benefit, sowed the seeds of a formidable adversary: Antibiotic Resistance. The emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria represents an enduring challenge in modern healthcare. The overreliance on these powerful drugs inadvertently fostered the survival of resistant organisms, diminishing the effectiveness of antibiotics over time. This challenge reverberates across various medical contexts, including surgical prophylaxis, reminding us of the importance of judicious antibiotic use.
The threat of antibiotic resistance is real. Therefore, all the stakeholders must employ strategies to prevent and control antibiotic resistance to prevent an imminent post-antibiotic era, a condition that may be worse than the pre-antibiotic era.
Resistant organisms are difficult to treat, requiring higher doses or alternative drugs, which are possibly more toxic and expensive. According to the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), at least 2 million people become infected with antibiotic-resistant bacteria and more than 23,000 people die annually as a consequence of these infections. This is expected to be more in developing countries where communicable diseases remain the leading causes of death. To worsen the situation are the emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases, lack of development of new classes of antibiotics and continuing increasing antibiotic resistance, including superbugs (bacteria with accumulated resistance to almost all available antibiotics), at alarming and dangerous levels worldwide.
In the current state of the field of antimicrobials, resistance is certainly not limited to clinical microbiology as it was in the early years of the antibiotic era. Thus, it is not a single grand challenge; it is rather a complex problem requiring the concerted efforts of microbiologists, ecologists, health care specialists, educationalists, policymakers, legislative bodies, agricultural and pharmaceutical industry workers, and the public to deal with.
This should be of everyone's concern, because, in the end, there is always a probability for any of us at some stage to get infected with a pathogen that is resistant to antibiotic treatment. Moreover, even behavioural patterns, such as hygienic habits or compliance with antibiotic treatment regimens, may have consequences that are not limited only to individual health issues but, on a larger scale, contribute to antibiotic resistance.
In an era of increasing antibiotic resistance, maintaining a delicate balance between effective prophylaxis and judicious antibiotic use is paramount. \[9\]. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) divides surgical wounds into four categories: clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, and dirty operative wounds. In head and neck surgery, many procedures are clean, i.e., creating wounds without contact with the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) (e.g., thyroidectomy). In this group, SSIs occur in less than 1% .
Major procedures with exposure to the UADT (e.g., Partial Glossectomy, Buccal mucosal resection and reconstructions, laryngectomy) are considered "clean-contaminated". The UADT harbours a large variety of microorganisms, such as gram-positive and facultative anaerobic bacteria, and to a lesser degree gram-negative bacteria, Candida species, and bacteria originating from an eventually harvested flap.
Surgeons, infection control specialists, and researchers must unite to enhance current protocols and investigate innovative approaches to ensure patient safety during surgical procedures. This study aims to determine if a single perioperative dose of antibiotics is sufficient to reduce surgical site infections (SSIs) in clean-contaminated head and neck surgeries or if postoperative antibiotic administration is necessary.
By pursuing this research, The Investigators envision a future where our collective efforts control antimicrobial resistance, make SSIs a rare occurrence rather than a common risk, and significantly improve the quality of surgical care and patient outcomes.
This study will be conducted as a double-blinded trial, ensuring that neither the primary clinical teams nor the patients are aware of the assigned treatment group, which minimizes bias and enhances the objectivity of the results.
The surgical and anaesthetic teams, responsible for performing and managing the operation, will be blinded to the group allocation. They will not have access to the randomization assignments and will treat all patients as per standard care without knowledge of whether postoperative antibiotics are being administered. The team evaluating patients for surgical site infections (SSIs) in the post-operative follow-up clinic will also be blinded. These assessors will not know whether patients belong to the intervention or control group, which prevents any influence on SSI assessment based on knowledge of the patient's post operative antibiotic treatment.
The assignment to either the intervention or control group will be randomized and kept confidential. Only essential personnel, such as a Nurse, pharmacist or designated study member will access the randomization information to dispense the appropriate treatment (antibiotics or placebo) as per the protocol. This data will not be shared with the surgical, anaesthetic, or postoperative assessment teams.
To ensure patient blinding, those in the control group will receive a placebo identical in appearance to the antibiotic prescribed to the intervention group. The patients will not be informed of whether they are receiving active antibiotics or a placebo postoperatively, reducing the risk of patient behavior or reporting being influenced by their treatment group.
In the intervention group, patients will receive perioperative antibiotics only, administered during the induction of anesthesia, before the surgical incision is made, with no postoperative antibiotics given. In contrast, the control group patients will be given antibiotics postoperatively for one day, simulating standard practice. The patient's medication will be indistinguishable from the placebo given to the intervention group, ensuring they are unaware of their group allocation.
Through these blinding measures, the study aims to reduce potential biases in treatment administration, SSI assessment, and patient-reported outcomes. This rigorous blinding design will contribute to the reliability and validity of the study's findings on the effectiveness of perioperative-only versus extended postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis.
Pre-operative randomization after enrolment will be carried out and patients will be allocated either to the "intervention group" or to the "Control group" by "computerized block randomization". Research Randomizer software, a free-to-use software will be used for this. Patients will be randomized either into the intervention group or into the control group.
Patients will be enrolled pre-operatively, in clinics while booking for surgery. The researcher responsible for enrolment will ensure that the patient understands the study completely and can comprehend his/her role.
The researcher will inform the enrolled patients about the randomization and will tell them that the enrolled patients will have equal chances of ending up in the "Intervention group" or the "Control" and the enrolled patients must not share the details of medication received to the assessor as it may lead to a bias, contact details of Primary investigator will be shared with the enrolled patients to ensure that all their queries and concerns are addressed.
