Acute Effects of Cold Exposure on Cardiovascular System

Exclusion Criteria

• •Smoking and alcohol abuse;
• •Current drug and dietary supplements intake;
• •Subjects with allergic diseases, such as allergic rhinitis, allergic asthma, and atopy;
• •Subjects with cardiovascular diseases, such as congenital heart disease, pulmonary heart disease, and hypertension;
• •Subjects with respiratory diseases, such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;
• •Subjects with chronic diseases, such as diabetes, chronic hepatitis, and kidney disease;
• •Subjects who have a history of major surgery due to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, respiratory, or neurological diseases;
• •Subjects with neurologic disorders, such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, and schizophrenia;
• •Abnormal spirometry (FEV1 and FVC ≤ 75% of predicted and FEV1/FVC ≤ 0.65);
• •Subjects with color vision disabilities.