The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a bilateral synovial joint located on both sides of the craniomandibular complex, which is involved in chewing, swallowing, speech, and other automatic movements such as yawning, grinding, or clenching; therefore, resting the joint is challenging under normal physiological conditions, except for clamping.Consequently, TMJ pathophysiology significantly impacts individuals' ability to perform basic daily life activities and vital functions.
Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are characterized by several symptoms, such as pain or tiredness in the muscles of the face, soreness in the orofacial region, tenderness in the muscles, restricted jaw motion, noise at the joint, hindered jaw function, alteration or diversion, rigidity, soreness, and locking brought on by muscle spasm. TMD may also be accompanied by other neurological symptoms such as headaches, vertigo, heaviness, and impaired vision.
Pain, clicking, a misaligned jaw, and restricted jaw movement are typical symptoms of TMJ ID. The incidence of TMJ pain is shown to affect 9-15% of women and 3-10% of males in the adult population, The disease more frequently affects young persons as opposed to the degenerative lesions of the major joints, This makes TMD a significant social issue that has an impact on people\'s quality of life.
The primary goal of TMJID treatment is to alleviate pain, restore mandibular functions (mastication and speech), and enhance quality of life.Different therapies, including conservative treatment, minimally invasive surgical operations, and invasive surgical operations, have been widely tested to treat TMD.
Various non-surgical approaches, such as reassurance, physiotherapy, pharmacotherapy, and occlusal splint treatment, have been used to treat TMJID. Minimally invasive treatment approaches for TMJID- include arthrocentesis and intra-articular injections.
Tenoxicam (TX) is a NSAID that is used systemically or locally in joint diseases such as acute or chronic inflammatory rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.It has been reported that its long-lasting analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects are higher in intra-articular administration than in oral and intravenous administrations. However, there are few studies on intra-articular injection of tenoxicam in patients with temporomandibular joint disc displacements.
Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a high molecular-weight (high-MW) glycosaminoglycan natural synovial fluid and shares in joint lubrication.HA injections have been widely used in the management of TMJDs, and several studies showed promising results in the improvement of maximum inter-incisal opening (MIO) and pain reduction.
The viscosupplementation concept describes the physical mechanism of action mostly carried out by high-MW HAs and by- products. It is based on modifications to HA molecules to promote elasto-viscosity. While the viscoinduction effect of low MW HA, which results in therapeutic benefits after intra-articular Injection, illustrates the underlying process. As a result, the HA-based formulations recommended for the intra-articular treatment of TMJD may differ from one another.
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) popularly considered as PRP is a concentration of platelets and related growth factors that may have therapeutic effects by attracting, promoting, and differentiating cells as well as remodeling tissue.PRP increases chondrogenic proliferation and the production of matrix molecules, which facilitates joint movement and preserves the chondral surface\'s overall structure.
HA and PRP mixture were used in many studies treating TMJ or other joints osteoarthritis, PRP restores intra-articular HA, increases glycosaminoglycan chondrocyte synthesis, balances joint angiogenesis, and provides a scaffold for stem cell migration.
To the best of our knowledge, no study up to date has compared the effect of intra-articular injection of a mixture of Tenoxicam and Hyaluronic acid. So, the purpose of this study will be to compare the effect of intra- articular injection of a mixture of (TX and HA) versus (PRP and HA) in the management of patients with TMJ internal derangement with reduction.
