Hippocampal Network Changes Following Mindfulness Training in Tobacco Vaping Adolescents in an Open-label, Pilot Study

Study Description: This protocol will use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and in-person and technology-delivered mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) training to elucidate neurobehavioral correlates of regular nicotine vaping in adolescents compared to non-vaping adolescents, and changes in these correlates after MBSR training. Our central hypothesis is that nicotine vaping in adolescents will be associated with impaired hippocampal connectivity with large-scale brain networks (e.g., Executive Control network (ECN), Default Mode Network (DMN), Salience Network (SN)) involved in cognitive control and emotion regulation and decreased state transitions (measured via dynamic resting state functional connectivity (rsFC)); and that MBSR training will increase hippocampal connectivity to ECN and alter time in state and state transitions in frequent vaping adolescents, with these rsFC changes predicting changes in vaping behavior. Objectives: Primary Objectives: 1. To characterize static and dynamic rsFC of hippocampal networks in frequent nicotine vaping adolescents compared to non-vaping adolescents. 2. To characterize rsFC changes in hippocampal networks following an in-person and technology-delivered MBSR training program in frequent nicotine vaping adolescents. Secondary Objectives: * To assess engagement with a smoking cessation app and changes in vaping behavior, emotion and cognition in the 3 months following MBSR training. * To assess differences between vaping and non-vaping teens pre- and post-MBSR training on other measures of network connectivity. Endpoints: Primary Endpoints: * (1) Seed-based rsFC between hippocampal seed regions and large-scale brain networks (DMN, ECN, SN) and dynamic rsFC measures in 40 nicotine vaping and 40 non-vaping youth. * (2) Seed-based rsFC between hippocampal seed regions and large-scale brain networks (DMN, ECN, SN) and dynamic rsFC measures within the nicotine vaping group Pre/Post MBSR training. Secondary Endpoint: * Engagement with MBSR training and post-training Craving-to-Quit app and change scores for other behavioral measure (e.g. vaping, emotion regulation). * rsFC from seeds such as dorsal anterior cingulate.