Towards Optimal Fertility, Fathering and Fatherhood studY

Paternal contributions to fertility and reproductive health outcomes have been understudied, despite promising evidence from animal studies. This study aims to investigate the male contribution to pregnancy likelihood and explore the underlying biological mechanisms. Specifically, the investigators aim to (1) identify male factors associated with pregnancy rate; (2) develop a fertility index combining modifiable factors for both males and females to predict pregnancy rate; and (3) explore the relationship of male modifiable factors with semen physical and molecular characteristics. This is a case-control study with 480 fertile and subfertile males (along with their female partners), recruited from KK Women's and Children's Hospital. The investigators will use questionnaires to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics, clinical, lifestyle, and environmental factors; analyze metabolic and stress biomarkers from blood samples; and measure semen parameters including sperm motility, density, morphology, volume, DNA fragmentation, DNA methylation, gene expression, and seminal plasma oxidative status. Findings from this proposed study will pave the way for developing lifestyle-based or medical interventions to enhance male and couple reproductive health, and potentially benefiting future offspring health.