Patients who have both obesity (BMI \>or= 30) and diabetes (last A1C\>8 in the 90 days from time of data pull) will be recruited from specific Penn Medicine primary care practices. This patient list is curated based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria.
Participants in the control group will receive usual care (defined as access to the the virtual storefront without the choice architecture manipulation) but all study participants will receive a free Instacart+ membership for the 3 months they are a study participant and be given $20 per month to help cover the cost of additional delivery and service fees as well as tips for delivery drivers on Instacart. Participants in the intervention groups will in addition receive $160 per month in subsidies on Instacart. All arms will receive text messages and/or email messages from W2H 1x per week with a link to Instacart and different messaging depending on the study arm.
The main difference between the pilot intervention and the main RCT is the length (2 weeks for the pilot, 3 months for the main RCT); otherwise, they will receive the same experience. The pilot phase intends to test out a mini version of the full intervention and get participant feedback so that the study team can improve the user experience before conducting the main intervention study.
Participants in 4 of the 5 study arms will be given vouchers for use on Instacart to buy fruit and vegetables ($160 a month). They will be given an individualized link to a special study website that is an Instacart virtual store where they can order food items to be delivered. Weekly, Instacart will send us data on how much is left in terms of unexpended vouchers and what food is purchased for each study ID each month.
Initial Feasibility Test (2 Weeks): Before enrolling participants in this phase of the study, the study team will examine strategies for uptake and engagement through one rapid 10-person studies followed by semi-structured interviews to gather feedback on ways to improve the user experience. There will be a cohort of 10 participants randomized 2 in each of the 5 study arms. Each interview will be audio-recorded with permission from the participant and subsequently transcribed for analysis. Interviews will take place over the phone or on Zoom and will be recorded using an audio recorder. Audio files will be uploaded to a third-party professional transcription service, which will transcribe the recordings and send us the transcripts for analysis. Participants that sign up for their Instacart account within 48 hours will receive a $25 Instacart gift card. All participants in the intervention arms during this phase will receive $40 per week for two weeks to be used to subsidize the purchase of foods on the healthy foods list (denoted by Instacart on the virtual storefront). Participants in the control arm will receive $5 per week for two weeks to cover additional service fees, delivery fees, and driver tips. This will be done twice to reach high rates of initial enrollment and ongoing engagement. This will also test the integration of our trial platform (W2H), connection to Instacart, and receipt of data from Instacart at the individual level. These iterative studies will be used to get participant input into the user experience and to streamline our on-boarding processes. Participants will also receive $50 to debrief with the study team on their experience.
Randomized Controlled Trial (3 Months): The study team then plans to test modifying choice architecture and different ways of presenting incentives to affect the degree to which these strategies change healthy food purchasing behavior.
All participants will start in the study at the beginning of the month. If they do not complete their enrollment by the 5th day of the month, they will be paused until the 1st business day of the following month.
In the RCT phase, participants will be reached out to by text and sent to a Way to Health study link where they will be asked to first complete a brief eligibility survey via text message. Eligibility questions include whether the participant is comfortable online shopping and if they have a backup payment method for foods they purchase over and above the value of the subsidies.
Participants will complete dietary recall questionnaires at 0 and 3 months via W2H. The study team will use the Diet.ID validated a two-minute dietary assessment tool (https://www.dietid.com/). As part of the 3-month assessment, participants will be asked questions about their study experience. Participants will be compensated $25 for completing instacart sign up within 48 hours, $25 for the baseline dietary survey and $25 for completing the 3-month dietary survey and exit survey and $50 for completing a hemoglobin A1c lab after 3 months.
At the completion of the 3-month study period, a subset of participants (total of 42, selecting those with highest and lowest % of fruit and vegetable voucher use each month) will be invited to complete semi-structured exit interviews conducted by a trained research coordinator over the phone or through Zoom. Participants will receive an extra $50 for completing these interviews.
