Energetics and Glutamate in Schizophrenia

Inclusion Criteria

• •Healthy volunteer group:
• •1\. No history of psychiatric illness, as assessed on the Mini neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).
• •Treatment responsive schizophrenia group:
• •1. Meeting ICD-11 criteria for schizophrenia (F20)
• •2. Meeting symptomatic consensus criteria for remission, defined as scores of mild or less on items P1, P2, P3, N1, N4, N6, G5 and G9 of the PANSS and no history of symptomatic relapse in the past 6 months.
• •3. Currently receiving one or more of the following antipsychotic medications: Olanzapine; Risperidone; Quetiapine; Amisulpride; Aripiprazole; Paliperidone.
• •4. Antipsychotic adherent, defined as having a score of \>=moderate adherence on the Kemp scale.
• •Treatment-resistant schizophrenia group:
• •1. Meeting ICD-11 criteria for schizophrenia (F20)
• •2. Meeting modified consensus criteria for treatment resistance, including history of at least two antipsychotic treatment trials each lasting ≥6 weeks at a dose of ≥400mg chlorpromazine equivalents.
• •3. Total PANSS total score \> 70
• •4. Moderate functional impairment (\<60 on the SOFAS)
• •5. Currently receiving one or more of the following antipsychotic medications: Clozapine; Olanzapine; Risperidone; Quetiapine; Amisulpride; Aripiprazole; Paliperidone.
• •6. Antipsychotic adherent, defined as having a score of \>=moderate adherence on the Kemp scale.