Neuromodulation is a growing field in headache management. Technology ranges from invasive deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the posterior hypothalamus, to minimally invasive percutaneous electrode implantation for occipital nerve stimulation, and noninvasive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. Neurostimulation can be particularly useful to those who failed triptans or other prophylactic treatments. The European Headache Federation positioned that a neurostimulation device should only be used in medically intractable headache patient who has been evaluated at a tertiary headache center. Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), which has demonstrated its antinociceptive potential, may also provide a relief of pain associated with headache
