The general objective of this research is to maximize the benefits of PRCARE+ and assess the effectiveness of implementing booster sessions following the personalized, preventive-selective transdiagnostic intervention in adolescents aged 12 to 18 years.
The core intervention is based on the Unified Protocol for the transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders in adolescents (UP-A), which has already demonstrated its effectiveness in the United States but, in this case, adapted for selective prevention purposes. New, enhanced specific modules are provided to address the risk factors identified by the adolescents themselves. Based on the prior stratification of adolescents according to risk and resilience factors, additional specific modules are offered to strengthen emotional regulation, resilience, and coping capacity. Special attention is paid to the effects of booster sessions that allow for the maintenance of intervention outcomes over time. All of this is accomplished through a sequenced approach to skill development, resilience, and explicit implementation guidelines. It is culturally adapted to be acceptable, scalable, and sustainable, contributing to the promotion of emotional mental health in young people.
The specific objectives of this research are as follows:
To identify adolescents at risk of emotional difficulties through a comprehensive analysis of risk and resilience factors. The personalized medicine approach will enable the team to tailor additional intervention modules according to the specific needs of each individual, as well as to determine which risk factors are the best indicators for identifying at-risk youth and/or indicators of program effectiveness.
To enhance the transdiagnostic, preventive-selective, and personalized PROCARE+ intervention for adolescents at risk of developing mental health problems such as anxiety and depression. The preventive program will be adapted from the UP-A protocol for the clinical population, and new additional modules will be applied based on the presented risk factors. This will be implemented through a personalized telemedicine approach. The project has the support of a strong External Advisory Board (EAB): Asociación Española de Ayuda Mutua contra Fobia Social y Trastornos de Ansiedad (AMTAES), Federación Estatal de Lesbianas, Gais, Trans y Bisexuales (FELGTB), Instituto de la Juventud (INJUVE/Ministerio de Asuntos Sociales y Agenda 2030 de España) y Confederación de Organizaciones de Psicopedagogía y Orientación de España (COPOE), Consejo de la juventud de España (CJE).
To demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of booster sessions by designing a trial with three conditions: 1) PROCARE + (Core intervention with add-on modules) and two booster sessions, at 6 and 12 months; 2) PROCARE + (Core intervention with add-on modules) and one booster session, at 6 months; 3) PROCARE + (Core intervention with add-on modules) without booster sessions. All conditions will include baseline, post-test, 6-month, and one-year follow-ups. PROCARE will adhere to internationally adopted guidelines to maximize the reliability of results in preventive trials. The evaluation will combine quantitative and qualitative methods, and the analysis of findings will be conducted: (a) qualitatively, (b) quantitatively, and (c) disaggregated by gender, examining differences between boys and girls and data intersecting with gender (cultural gender norms and emotion regulation skills) that can help explain these differences.
METHODOLOGY The methodology was designed in response to current trends in selective prevention and personalized medicine. The work plan for this research will be divided into three interconnected stages.: Assessment and Stratification; Intervention; and Booster and Follow-up. First, to identify adolescents at risk of experiencing emotional disorders (anxiety and depression), the following questionnaires will be administered to the adolescents: Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to assess adolescents at risk of emotional disorders, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) to assess resilience, the Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scale-30 (RCADS-30) to detect the presence/absence of emotional symptomatology, the Kidscreen-10 scale for self-reported quality of life assessment, the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) as a measure of emotional regulation, and the Willingness and Action Measure for Children and Adolescents (WAM-C/A) as a measure of psychological flexibility. Additionally, potential risk factors will be collected from adolescents and parents through the Climate Anxiety Scale (CAS) by Clayton and Karazsia; Exam Anxiety Questionnaire adapted for Secondary Education (CAEX-A); Cyberbullying and bullying scale; Structured Interview for the Assessment of Expressed Emotion: Child version (E5cv); Video Game Addiction Scale for Adolescents (GASA); Short Version Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS-SV). These factors will be used for stratification and the adaptation of additional intervention modules according to the specific needs of each subject: (i)to identify individuals at risk and define short- and long-term mechanisms of action for the transdiagnostic, preventive-selective, and personalized PROCARE+ intervention. The researchers will test the effects of booster sessions on the maintenance of the outcomes of a selective preventive intervention using a randomized clinical trial and a personalized medicine approach, with a focus on risk factors and vulnerable youth (refugees, immigrants, or national, ethnic, linguistic, religious, and sexual minorities).
IMPACT The need to prioritize mental health on the public health agenda has been increasingly recognized over the past decades. he results of the research will have a significant impact, ultimately contributing to increasing understanding of the underlying mechanisms of selective prevention of mental disorders in young people and the maintenance of these effects. These problems are extensive, enduring, and of great magnitude, imposing a range of costs on individuals, families, and communities. Prevention will lead to the reduction of personal, social, and economic costs.
