Effects of Constipation Treatment in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Pilot Feasibility Trial

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. History of drug abuse, anorexia nervosa, or bulimia.
• •2. History of irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, or Clostridium difficile bacterial infection (ever).
• •3. Liver cirrhosis or chronic active hepatitis (patients with treated hepatitis can be included).
• •4. Galactosemia.
• •5. Allergies to lactulose.
• •6. History of gastrointestinal surgery except appendectomy.
• •7. Use of antibiotics or immunosuppressants within 30 days prior to the enrollment in the study.
• •8. Use of pre- or probiotics within 30 days prior to enrollment in the study.
• •9. Women who are pregnant, capable of becoming pregnant and not participating in an acceptable form of birth control, or who are breast feeding.
• •10. Patients currently participating in another interventional study.
• •11. Major surgery within one month prior to enrollment in the study or planned surgery while the patient is in the study, other than dialysis vascular access surgery.
• •12. Patients who the investigator determine have a medical status that would preclude the patient's participation.
• •13. Patients on hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis.
• •14. Patients with a functional kidney transplant.
• •15. Patients with past lactulose use.