Primary and Secondary Elevations of Maxillary Sinuses: a Prospective Clinical Study in the Posterior Maxillary Region

Exclusion Criteria

• •1. Heavy smokers (10 cigarettes smoked ≥ day)
• •2. Uncontrolled diabetes (glycated hemoglobin \>7%), metabolic bone disease, autoimmune disease or other systemic diseases, the body can hardly withstand implant surgery
• •3. Mentally unable, pregnant or pregnant women
• •4. Any history of contraindications or significant impact on dental implant placement, such as bisphosphonate drug use, chemotherapy or immunosuppressants, head and neck radiotherapy, autoimmune disease, and hypertension
• •5. Untreated periodontal disease, endodontics, or other oral diseases
• •6. Bruxism patients
• •7. Previous implant implant failure at the surgical site
• •8. Anatomical changes in the maxillary sinus, such as maxillary sinus septum or mucosal swelling (defined as the mean thickness of the Schneider membrane at the base of the maxillary sinus \> 2 mm)